ABSTRACT: The production of artisanal cheeses made with raw bovine milk has grown in the southern region of Brazil. It is important to obtain information about the risks of this practice, especially concerning food safety. In this study, next-generation sequencing was used to identify and characterize the bacterial communities of artisanal raw milk cheeses. We analyzed one pool of five raw milk samples (control group M1) from different dairy farms and nine pools (M2-M10) of 45 artisanal raw milk cheeses.The characterization of the bacterial communities included 199 species distributed across 59 different genera dispersed among the samples. Among the genera observed, 11 were classified as beneficial to the aroma, flavour, colour, and texture of the cheese. Thirty-one genera were classified as harmful to these characteristics. Another 17 were classified as potential pathogens for animals and humans, including Aeromonas, Bacillus, Cronobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and bacteria of the coliform group, including E. coli and Klebsiella. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the number of bacterial communities identified between the control group (M1) and the two pools of artisanal raw milk cheeses (M2 and M8). This study demonstrated that next-generation sequencing provides in-depth information on the composition of the microbiota in artisanal raw milk cheeses, characterizing bacterial communities, identifying the wide microbial diversity, and identifying microbial benefits and risks.

RESUMO: Devido ao aumento da produção de queijos artesanais com leite bovino cru na região sul do Brasil, é importante obter informações sobre os riscos desta prática, principalmente no que se refere à segurança do alimento. Neste estudo foi utilizada a técnica de Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) para identificar e caracterizar comunidades bacterianas de queijos artesanais de leite cru. Foram analisados um pool de cinco amostras de leite cru como grupo controle (M1) de diferentes propriedades leiteiras localizadas na região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e nove pools (M2-M10) de 45 queijos artesanais de leite cru. A caracterização das comunidades bacterianas incluiu 199 espécies distribuídas em 59 gêneros diferentes dispersos entre as amostras. Dentre os gêneros observados, 11 foram classificados como benéficos ao aroma, sabor, cor e textura do queijo, enquanto 31 gêneros foram classificados como prejudiciais a essas características. Outros 17 foram classificados como potenciais patogênicos para animais e humanos, incluindo Aeromonas, Bacillus, Cronobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, bactérias do grupo coliforme como Escherichia coli e Klebsiella. Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) entre o número de comunidades bacterianas identificadas no grupo controle (M1) e dois pools de queijos artesanais de leite cru (M2 e M8). Este estudo demonstra que o NGS fornece informações detalhadas sobre a composição da microbiota em queijos artesanais de leite cru, caracterizando comunidades bacterianas, identificando a ampla diversidade microbiana, os benefícios e riscos microbianos.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de um questionário, a percepção dos consumidores que se alimentam fora de casa acerca dos perigos de doenças veiculadas por alimentos (DVAs). Obtiveram-se 1.515 respostas, com a maioria dos consumidores assim caracterizados: Ensino Médio (27,3%) ou superior (29,5%), idade entre 18 e 29 anos (52,3%) e solteiros (57,8%). Em uma verificação mais específica, identificou-se que os consumidores utilizam restaurantes (64,5%) e elegem o estabelecimento principalmente em função da limpeza e atendimento (95,1%). A maioria consome carne (96,7%), com destaque para a bovina (30,1%), embora os consumidores considerem o pescado mais saudável (58,5%). No entendimento sobre as DVAs, 91,1% dos consumidores acreditam que as carnes podem veicular doenças, com destaque para a carne suína, com 89% das associações. Entretanto, também consideram as verduras e/ou os legumes (89%), a água (85,7%) e alimentos orgânicos (71,4%) como possíveis transmissores de doenças. A salmonelose (90,5%) é considerada a DVA mais importante e 99,1% dos respondentes entendem que o alimento pode ser contaminado pelo manipulador. Os entrevistados acreditam também que verduras e frutas possam conter agrotóxicos (98,7%), enquanto alimentos de origem animal possam ter resíduos de antibióticos (86,1%). Concluímos que existe a necessidade da criação de um plano estratégico educacional para o melhor entendimento dos consumidores sobre alimentação fora do ambiente domiciliar.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate, through a questionnaire, the perception of consumers who eat outside the home in relation to the dangers of diseases transmitted by food. This work also aimed to obtain data that can be used in the elaboration of an educational plan, aiming at aspects of disease prevention and improvements in the population's health. The questionnaire obtained a total of 1515 responses, in which most consumers were characterized by medium education (27.3%) or higher education (29.5%), aged between 18-29 years (52.3%) and singles (57.8%). In a more specific investigation, people routinely eat in restaurants (64.5%) and choose the establishment mainly due to cleanliness and service (95.1%). Most respondents consumed meat (96.7%), especially beef (30.1%), although consumers considered fish healthier (58.5%). Regarding the understanding of diseases transmitted by food, 91.1% of them have believed that meat can transmit diseases, thus being pork the most associated with this problem (89%). They also considered vegetables and / or legumes (89%), water (85.7%) and organic foods (71.4%) as possible transmitters of diseases. Salmonellosis (90.5%) is considered the most important diseases transmitted by food and 99.1% understood that food can be contaminated by the food handlers. They have also believed that vegetables and fruits may contain pesticides (98.7%) and antibiotics residue in foods of animal origin (86.1%). It could be inferred that there is a need to create a strategic educational plan to better understand consumers about food outside the home environment.

RESUMO: A conservação das amostras de leite destinadas para análises microbiológicas pela Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Controle da Qualidade do Leite requer adição de conservantes para a preservação da microbiota existente desde o momento da coleta até as análises. O número de microrganismos pode apresentar alterações decorrentes do princípio ativo e concentração do conservante, e ainda entre as interações conservante, tempo de incubação e temperatura de acondicionamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de conservação de diferentes concentrações de azida sódica e cloranfenicol sobre a vida útil analítica de amostras de leite. Foram selecionadas duas fazendas, sendo uma com baixa contagem bacteriana e outra com alta contagem bacteriana. O leite foi fracionado em frascos estéreis e testado nas seguintes condições: pastilhas com a concentração usual de azida sódica e cloranfenicol, com dupla concentração, com tripla concentração e sem a adição do conservante. As amostras foram incubadas por quatorze dias a 3 ± 1 °C, 6 ± 1 °C e 9 ± 1 °C, e analisadas diariamente por citometria de fluxo para a determinação da contagem bacteriana. A tripla concentração do conservante demonstrou maior conservação, possibilitando o aumento da viabilidade analítica das amostras sem alteração nos resultados.

ABSTRACT: The preservation of milk samples for microbiological analyses by the Brazilian Network of Milk Quality Control Laboratories requires the addition of preservatives to maintain the microbiota from the time of sample collection to the moment of analysis. The number of microorganisms can change as a result of the active ingredients and concentration of the preservative, as well as due to interactions between the preservatives, incubation time, and packaging temperature. The objective of this research was to evaluate the conservation potential of different concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol on the analytical shelf life of milk samples. Two farms were selected, one with a low bacterial count and one with a high bacterial count. The milk was dispensed into sterile vials and tested after the addition of the usual concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol, doubled concentrations, tripled concentrations, and as a control, without preservatives. The samples were incubated at 3 ± 1 °C, 6 ± 1 °C, and 9 ± 1 °C for 14 days and analyzed daily for their bacterial count by flow cytometry. The tripled preservative concentrations improved conservation, increasing the timespan of the analytical viability of the samples without altering the results.

ABSTRACT During the last years, Brazilian government control programs have detected an increase of Salmonella Heidelberg in poultry slaughterhouses a condition that poses a threat to human health However, the reasons remain unclear. Differences in genetic virulence profiles may be a possible justification. In addition, effective control of Salmonella is related to an efficient epidemiological surveillance system through genotyping techniques. In this context, the aim of this study was the detection of 24 virulence-associated genes in 126 S. Heidelberg isolates. We classified the isolates into 56 different genetic profiles. None of the isolates presented all the virulence genes. The prevalence of these genes was high in all tested samples as the lowest number of genes detected in one isolate was 10/24. The lpfA and csgA (fimbriae), invA and sivH (TTSS), and msgA and tolC (intracellular survival) genes were present in 100% of the isolates analyzed. Genes encoding effector proteins were detected in the majority of SH isolates. No single isolate had the sefA gene. The pefA gene was found in only four isolates. We have also performed a screening of genes associated with iron metabolism: 88.9% of isolates had the iroN geneand 79.4% the sitC gene . Although all the isolates belong to the same serotype, several genotypic profiles were observed. These findings suggest that there is a diversity of S. Heidelberg isolates in poultry products. The fact that a single predominant profile was not found in this study indicates the presence of variable sources of contamination caused by SH. The detection of genetic profiles of Salmonella strains can be used to determine the virulence patterns of SH isolates.

RESUMO: Avaliou-se o efeito da temperatura na capacidade de Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) formar biofilme em superfícies de aço inoxidável, polietileno e poliuretano e diferentes processos de higienização. Corpos de prova destes materiais foram postos frente a culturas de SE e incubados a 42±1 ºC, 36±1 ºC, 25±1 ºC, 9±1 ºC e 3±1 ºC por 4, 8, 12 e 24 horas. Para a higienização foram testados água aquecida a 45ºC e 85 ºC e soluções de ácido peracético 0,5% e amônia quaternária 1%. Verificou-se a formação de biofilmes em todas as temperaturas avaliadas, ressaltando-se a 3 ºC, ainda não citada como propícia para adesão de SE. Houve maior adesão ao polietileno do que ao poliuretano e ao aço inoxidável (P<0.05). Para higienização, o ácido peracético e a água a 85 ºC tiveram ação semelhante (P<0.05), seguidos por amônia quaternária, enquanto que a água a 45 ºC não foi eficaz. Todos os materiais avaliados propiciaram a aderência de SE, mesmo sob temperaturas baixas, consideradas até então seguras para a conservação dos alimentos.

ABSTRACT: We evaluated the influence of temperature on the ability of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) to form biofilms on stainless steel, polyethylene, and polyurethane surfaces under different hygiene procedures. These materials were placed on SE culture and incubated at 42±1 ºC, 36±1 ºC, 25±1 ºC, 9±1 ºC, and 3±1 ºC for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Hot water at 45 ºC and 85 ºC, 0.5% peracetic acid solution, and 1% quaternary ammonia were used for hygienization. Biofilm formation occurred at all temperatures evaluated, highlighting at 3 ºC which has not been reported as an ideal temperature for the adhesion of SE to these materials. The SE adhered more often to polyethylene surfaces than to polyurethane and stainless steel surfaces (P<0.05). Peracetic acid and water at 85 ºC had similar hygienization efficiency (P<0.05) followed by quaternary ammonia whereas water at 45 ºC was not effective. SE adhered to these materials under low temperatures which to date have been deemed safe for food preservation.

Resumo Espécies de Campylobacter spp. termotolerantes são agentes de surtos de campilobacteriose em humanos e os produtos de origem avícola são considerados uma importante fonte de infecção. Foram identificados Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli em carcaças de frango resfriadas e congeladas coletadas em três abatedouros entre 2014 e 2015. A detecção de Campylobacter spp. foi realizada por microbiologia convencional e a identificação de C. jejuni e C. coli por multiplex-PCR. Dentre as amostras avaliadas verificou-se Campylobacter spp. termotolerante em 63,8%, sendo 72,2% em carcaças resfriadas e 55,5% em carcaças congeladas. Destas, 83,3% foram positivas para C. jejuni e 66,6% para C. coli, enquanto 50% foram positivas para ambas as espécies. A presença de Campylobacter spp. termotolerante em carcaças de frangos de corte prontas para consumo representa uma importante fonte de transmissão destes patógenos para humanos.

Abstract Species of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are agents of campylobacteriosis outbreaks in humans, and poultry products are implicated as major sources of infection. The detection of Campylobacter spp. was performed by conventional microbiology in poultry carcasses collected in slaughterhouses and species were identified by multiplex-PCR. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. was verified in 63.8% of the samples, being 72.2% in chilled carcasses and 55.5% in frozen carcasses. Of these, 83.3% were positive for C. jejuni and 66.6% to C. coli, while 50% were positive for both. The presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in ready-to-eat poultry products represents a potential source of human campylobacteriosis.

ABSTRACT Campylobacter spp. cause foodborne illnesses in humans primarily through the consumption of contaminated chicken. The aim of this study was to evaluate the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) recommended methodology, protocol MLG 41.02, for the isolation, identification and direct plate counting of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli samples from the broiler slaughtering process. A plating method using both mCCDA and Campy-Cefex agars is recommended to recover Campylobacter cells. It is also possible to use this method in different matrices (cloacal swabs and water samples). Cloacal swabs, samples from pre-chiller and post-chiller carcasses and samples of pre-chiller, chiller and direct supply water were collected each week for four weeks from the same flock at a slaughterhouse located in an abattoir in southern Brazil. Samples were analyzed to directly count Campylobacter spp., and the results showed a high frequency of Campylobacter spp. on Campy-Cefex agar. For the isolated species, 72% were identified as Campylobacter jejuni and 38% as Campylobacter coli. It was possible to count Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from different samples, including the water supply samples, using the two-agar method. These results suggest that slaughterhouses can use direct counting methods with both agars and different matrices as a monitoring tool to assess the presence of Campylobacter bacteria in their products.

Salmonella spp. causes diseases in fowls, when species-specific serovars (Salmonella Pullorum and S.Gallinarum) are present in flocks, and public health problems, when non-typhoid serovars are isolated, as well as possible bacterial resistance induced by the preventive and therapeutic use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study describes the serovars and bacterial resistance of 280Salmonella spp. strains isolated from turkey and broiler carcasses in Southern Brazil between 2004 and 2006. SalmonellaEnteritidis was the most prevalent serovar (55.7%), followed by Heidelberg (5.0%), Agona (4.3%), Bredeney (3.9%), Hadar (3.2%), and Typhimurium (2.9%). Tennessee and S. Enterica subspecies enterica(O: 4.5) were isolated only in turkeys, and Hadar (18.6%) was the most prevalent serovar in this species. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed in 178 isolates (43 from turkeys and 135 from broilers). All isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin, and were resistant to bacitracin and penicillin. Broiler carcass isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid (48.9%), nitrofurantoin (34.3%), neomycin (9.6%), tetracycline (5.2%), and kanamycin (8.9%); and turkey carcass isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (62.8%), tetracycline (34.9%), and neomycin (30.2%), with a significant difference in turkeys when compared to broiler carcass isolates. These results indicate the need for judicious use of antimicrobials in livestock production, given that the serovars identified are potential causes of food poisoning.

Risk factors associated with peri-implantitis are related to the biofilm composition around the implant and the ability of bacterial adhesion. This study evaluated the biofilm formation on different surfaces of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) grade 4 after 12, 24, 48 and 168 hours using the microcosm technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The following surface conditions were examined: S (control)- smooth and plain; B- sand-blasted with aluminum oxide; E- etched using nitric acid; and BE- the combination of J and A treatments. Statistical differences on biofilm formation (CFU/ mg) were found between the control (S) and B surfaces at the first 12 hours, which are related to the lowest (Ra = 0.21 µm) and highest (Ra = 0.62 µm) mean roughness values. At 168-hour all surfaces showed similar biofilm formation. Yet, microbial growth occurred on all surfaces, regardless of the surface treatment.

Os produtos de origem avícola podem ser importantes veículos de transmissão de Salmonella spp. para humanos e, dentre os vários parâmetros que determinam a qualidade de um alimento, destacam-se os que definem suas características microbiológicas. Objetivou-se detectar e quantificar Salmonella spp. na tecnologia de abate de frangos de corte por microbiologia convencional (MC) e número mais provável miniaturizado (mNMP). As coletas foram realizadas em duas visitas a três abatedouros sob Inspeção Federal e em seis pontos de coleta em triplicata, definidos como: recepção das aves (swabs de cloaca e esponjas de gaiolas de transporte antes e após a higienização) e carcaças (após pré resfriamento em chiller, após o gotejamento e antes da embalagem primária e congeladas a -12oC por 24 horas), totalizando 108 amostras. Identificou-se Salmonella spp. em três dos seis pontos do fluxograma de abate e em dois dos três estabelecimentos amostrados, independentemente do método utilizado, perfazendo 5,5% de positividade, onde destaca-se a contaminação nas gaiolas de transporte das aves após a higienização. Não foi possível correlacionar os resultados da microbiologia convencional e do mNMP ou mesmo quantificar a contaminação ao longo da tecnologia de abate, o que indica a necessidade de se utilizar um método qualitativo aliado ao método de quantificação quando Salmonella estiver presente em quantidades inferiores ao limite de detecção do mNMP proposto (0,13 NMP/mL). Os sorovares identificados foram Typhimurium, Panama, Lexington e Rissen, consideradas paratíficos e, portanto, potencialmente capazes de causar infecções em humanos, embora estes sorovares não tenham sido isolados em produtos finais e sim na chegada dos frangos aos abatedouros (swabs de cloaca e gaiolas de transporte). A identificação de Salmonella spp. nas gaiolas de transporte após a higienização é um indicativo da necessidade de revisão e adequação dos métodos automatizados de lavagem atualmente utilizados nos abatedouros.

Poultry products can be important modes of transmission of Salmonella spp. to humans and, among several parameters used to determine food quality, microbiological characteristics play an essential role. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify Salmonella spp. at broiler slaughtering facilities. This was done by conventional microbiology and by the miniaturized most probable number (mMPN) methods. Three federally-inspected slaughterhouses were visited, where samples were collected in triplicate from six sites: reception of live birds (cloacal swabs and sponge samples from transport cages before and after sanitation) and carcass processing (after pre-chiller, after dripping, and before primary packaging and refrigeration at -12oC for 24h), totaling 108 samples. Three of the six surveyed sites and two of the three slaughterhouses were contaminated with Salmonella spp., showing an infection rate of 5.5% independently of the method used, and revealing that transport cages were contaminated after sanitation. No correlation could be established between the results of conventional microbiology and mMPN methods, and contamination along the slaughtering line could not quantified. This indicates the importance of combining qualitative and quantitative methods for the enumeration of Salmonella when detection rates are lower than the proposed mMPN limit (0.13 MPN/mL). Typhimurium, Panama, Lexington and Rissen, which are paratyphoid organisms and are potentially infectious to humans, were identified. However, these serovars were isolated at the reception of live birds (from cloacal swabs and from transport cages) rather than from the end products. Given that Salmonella spp. was detected in transport cages after sanitation, it is paramount that automated washing procedures currently used in slaughterhouses be reassessed and adjusted.

Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos e a eficácia de três sanitizantes frente a isolados de Salmonella spp. oriundos de carcaças na tecnologia de abate de suínos. Avaliaram-se 120 amostras, das quais 39 foram positivas para Salmonella spp. Os princípios ativos testados foram penicilina G 10 U, amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico 30mcg, ampicilina 10mcg, cloranfenicol 30mcg, tetraciclina 30mcg, estreptomicina 10mcg, neomicina 30mcg, gentamicina 10mcg, enrofloxacina 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamida 300mcg e trimetropima 5mcg. Nos testes com sanitizantes utilizaram-se clorexidina, amônia quaternária e ácido peracético com tempos de contato de um, cinco, 10 e 15 minutos. Os índices de resistência aos antimicrobianos foram de 100% para penicilina, 94,9% para tetraciclina, 89,7% para trimetropima e 87,2% para ampicilina. Nenhum dos princípios ativos foi 100% eficaz frente aos isolados testados, observando-se melhor ação para amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico (86,7%), neomicina (86,7%) e cloranfenicol (64,1%). Nos testes de eficácia dos sanitizantes, o ácido peracético a 0.5% foi efetivo a partir de 10 minutos (94,6%) e 15 minutos (97,3%) de contato; amônia quaternária a 1% por 10 minutos (89,2%) e 15 minutos (97,3%) e clorexidina a 0.5% por 10 minutos (70,3%) e 15 minutos de contato (72,8%). Todas as amostras testadas apresentaram multirresistência e seis (15,3%) apresentaram resistência à ampicilina, cloranfenicol, estreptomicina, sulfonamida e tetraciclina (denominado grupo ACSSuT), indicando a necessidade de monitorar a propagação da resistência aos antimicrobianos em Salmonella spp. oriundas de suínos. O sanitizante mais efetivo frente aos isolados testados foi o ácido peracético a 0.5% por 15 minutos, reforçando a necessidade de monitorar também a efetividade de produtos sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity and efficacy of three sanitizers against Salmonella spp. isolated from carcasses in swine slaughterhouse. Thirty nine of 120 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. The antimicrobials tested included: penicillin G 10 U, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 30mcg, ampicillin 10mcg, chloramphenicol 30mcg, tetracycline 30mcg, streptomycin 10mcg, gentamicin 10mcg, neomycin 30mcg, enrofloxacin 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamide 300mcg and trimetropim 5mcg. In the tests with sanitizers were used chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonia and peracetic acid, which were put in contact intervals of 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Antimicrobial resistance was observed using penicillin (100%), tetracycline (94.9%), trimetropim (89.7%), and ampicillin (87.2%). None of the antimicrobials was 100% effective against the samples tested. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (86.7%), neomycin (86.7%) and chloramphenicol (64.1%) showed better antimicrobial action. In tests of efficacy of sanitizers, 0.5% peracetic acid was effective at 10 minutes (94.6%) and 15 minutes (97.3%) of contact; 1% quaternary ammonia at 10 minutes (89.2%) and 15 minutes (97.3%) and 0.5% chlorhexidine at 10 minutes (70.3%) and 15 minutes (72.8%). All samples tested were multidrug resistance and six (15.3%) showed resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide and tetracycline (ACSSuT group) indicating the need to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from swine. The most effective sanitizing against the bacteria tested was 0.5% peracetic acid per 15 minutes, reinforcing the need to monitor the effectiveness of products sanitizers against Salmonella spp.

Over the years, Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) has gained prominence in North America poultry production and in the poultry production of other countries. Salmonella Heidelberg has been isolated and reported from poultry and poultry products in Brazil since 1962, whereas Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) has only emerged as a serious problem in poultry and public health since 1993. These strains of Salmonella can cause intestinal problems in newly hatched chicks, and infection may persist until adulthood. Upon slaughter of chickens, Salmonella can contaminate carcasses, a condition that poses a threat to human health. The aim of this study was to compare the fecal excretion of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg in newly hatched chicks (orally inoculated with 10(5)ufc/mL each) until 20 days of age. In addition, the ratio of cecal villus height:crypt depth (morphometry) and liver and cecum cell counts was analyzed in chicks ranging from 0 to 3 days of age and infected with these two Salmonella strains. One hundred seventeen chicks were separated into one of three experimental groups: a control group, an SE-infected group and an SH-infected group. Eight chicks per group were euthanized at 6, 12 and 72 hours post-inoculation (pi) to allow for Salmonella isolation from the liver and cecum and for the collection of the cecum for villi and crypt analysis. Other birds were allowed to mature to 20 days of age and cloacal swabs were taken at 2, 6, 13 and 20 days pi to compare the fecal excretion of inoculated strains. The Salmonella Enteritidis group had a higher number of cells excreted during the trial. Both strains were isolated from the liver and cecum by 6h pi. At 12h pi the Salmonella Heidelberg group had high cell counts in the cecum. No difference was found in liver cell counts. Both strains showed lower villus height:crypt depth ratio than the control group post-infection.

This study assessed biofilm formation on polystyrene by Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, L. welshimeri and Escherichia coli, isolated from a slaughtering plant, grown on tryptic soy broth (TSB) using different glucose concentrations. The tested bacteria produced biofilm in at least one of the concentrations used, and some of them were strong biofilm producers.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de 62 amostras de Campylobacter spp. em amostras isoladas de 22 lotes de frango de corte, pelo método de difusão em Agar. As amostras de Campylobacter spp foram isoladas de frangos com idade entre 3 e 5 semanas, isoladas a partir de swabs cloacais, fezes e descarga cecal obtidos nas granjas e de rinsagem de carcaças no abatedouro. Das 62 amostras avaliadas, 27 foram testadas em ágar MH e 35 no ágar MH com TTC. O perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana apresentou 62,5% de resistência para, no mínimo, uma droga, sobretudo para enrofloxacina (71%), neomicina (50%), lincomicina (50%), tetraciclina (43%), penicilina (42%), ceftiofur (33%) amoxicilina (27%), espiramicina (20%), ampicilina (18%) e norfloxacina (14%), enquanto uma percentagem menor foi observada frente eritromicina (10%) e doxiciclina (10%). Todas as amostras foram sensíveis a gentamicina e linco-espectinomicina e 80% à colistina. Pelo exposto, faz-se necessária a redução do uso dos antimicrobianos na medicina veterinária e em humanos.

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of 62 Campylobacter spp. strains obtained from broiler flocks using the agar diffusion method. The Campylobacter spp strains were isolated from 22 flocks aged between 3 and 5 weeks of life, isolated from cloacae swabs, stools and cecal droppings in the farm and from the carcass rinsing in the slaughterhouse. Campylobacter spp strains were tested on Mueller-Hilton (MH) agar (27 samples) and MH plus TTC agar (35 samples). The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed a 62.5% resistance to at least one drug, especially to enrofloxacin (71%), neomycin (50%), lincomycin (50%), tetracycline (43%), penicillin (42%), ceftiofur (33%) amoxicillin (27%), spiramycin (20%), ampicillin (18%) and norfloxacin (14%), whereas a lower percentage of strains was resistant to erythromycin (10%) and doxycycline (10%). All strains were sensitive to gentamicin and lincomycin-spectinomycin and 80% of them to colistin. These results indicate that it is necessary to reduce the use of antimicrobials in veterinary and human medicine.

Com o objetivo de se avaliarem os resultados do uso de endoscopia rígida e da técnica por tubo endotraqueal de colheita de líquido traqueobrônquico, foram utilizados 28 cães, errantes ou domiciliados, distribuídos em dois grupos. Nos cães do grupo 1, aplicou-se a técnica de lavado traqueobrônquico em 14 cães, sendo sete sadios e sete com sinais clínicos respiratórios. Nos do grupo 2, utilizou-se a mesma técnica, entretanto com endoscopia rígida, em sete cães sadios e em sete cães com sinais clínicos de doença respiratória. Os dados evidenciaram que o procedimento utilizando-se endoscópio rígido resultou em menor volume de solução infundida e em maior porcentagem de solução recuperada. Não houve diferença significativa quanto ao tempo de duração da execução da técnica. A contagem bacteriana foi mais alta nas amostras coletadas por endoscópio rígido, porém não houve diferença significativa na contagem de células nucleadas totais. Portanto, o uso da endoscopia rígida para colheita de líquido traqueobrônquico mostrou-se mais vantajosa do que a técnica convencional utilizando-se o tubo endotraqueal, pois fornece imagens das vias aéreas e permite acompanhamento visual da lavagem.

The present study aimed to evaluate the results of rigid endoscopy and endotracheal tube techniques for collecting tracheobronchic fluid from dogs. Twenty eight erratic or housed dogs, were allocated into to two groups. In group 1, tracheobronchic washing was applied to seven healthy dogs and seven dogs with clinical signs of respiratory disease. In group 2, seven healthy and seven dogs with respiratory disease were submitted to endo-bronchial washing by rigid endoscopy. Using rigid endoscopy, a lower volume was introduced but a higher percentage of washing fluid was recovered. There was no difference regarding the time necessary to perform both techniques. Bacterial counts were higher in samples collected by rigid endoscopy, but there was no difference in total nucleated cell counts from these samples. Thus, the use of rigid endoscopy to collect tracheobronchic fluid was found to be advantageous when compared to the conventional technique using endotracheal tube.